Architecture
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Learn how to design scalable, reliable, and maintainable systems — from single servers to distributed architectures used by millions of users.
From fundamentals to production — caching strategies, eviction policies, invalidation, Redis, CDN caching, and multi-level architectures. Practical patterns and a guided final project you build in your own stack (no bundled starter repo).
Master 60+ essential AI, LLM, RAG, agentic, fine-tuning, safety, and LLMOps terms with architectural diagrams, code examples, self-checks, and exercises.
Articles
AI coding agents change where engineering effort is spent: the hard problem moves from typing code to defining boundaries, checking outputs, and recovering from…
"MCP or OpenAPI?" is a common question when connecting AI agents to tools, and it is slightly the wrong question. The Model Context Protocol is a protocol: a cl…
An agent that runs for four seconds inside one HTTP request can afford to fail: the user retries and nothing else happened. An agent that runs for eleven minute…
A 70B-parameter model does not fit on an 80GB GPU, and the reason is not the parameters. In mixed-precision training with Adam you carry roughly sixteen bytes p…
A URL shortener turns https://example.com/a/very/long/path?campaign=autumn into something like sho.rt/6ZY3LCH, and sends anyone who opens the short link to the …
Every few months a new system gets called a "world model" — Genie generating playable game worlds from a single image, Sora producing minutes of physically plau…
You have probably seen a claim shaped like this on a model card: "70B total parameters, but only 13B active per token." That is not marketing rounding — it desc…
A product-page personalization API needs to answer in under 100ms for a good user experience. A shopper in Sydney hits it, and the request has to reach the orig…
A URL shortener's redirect endpoint, GET /r/{code}, looks purely read-heavy — billions of redirects against a handful of short codes created per second. But eve…
An order service runs in two regions, us-east and eu-west. In one design, both regions serve live customer traffic right now, splitting the load. In another, us…
A permission check in front of a wire-transfer approval endpoint times out. What should happen next? One engineer's instinct says "don't block the transfer over…
A payment service keeps processing requests with zero dropped transactions while one of its three nodes crashes mid-request — that's fault tolerance. A differen…
A product page shows the item, its price, and an "add to cart" button — the core path — plus a "customers also viewed" recommendation strip powered by a separat…
A checkout API runs three replicas across two availability zones behind a load balancer — on paper, no single point of failure. Then one AZ has a networking inc…
A checkout API can wait until every step finishes, or accept an order and complete work later. The first path gives the caller an immediate final answer but cou…
A shopping cart must remember items, so the product cannot be literally stateless. The useful design question is where that state lives. Keep the cart inside on…
An order API can return responses all day and still charge the wrong amount. It can be temporarily unreachable while every stored order remains safe. It can fai…
A dashboard can look “fast” while users still wait, and a load test can report huge requests-per-second while p99 checkout times explode. Latency is how long on…
A travel checkout may call a public weather API, your own booking API, and a partner airline API. All three could use REST, but they should not share the same c…
AI agents rarely work alone. They read files, query databases, call business APIs, and sometimes delegate work to other agents. Without shared contracts, every …
This guide is for developers who can build a frontend, API, and database but have not yet operated the whole request path. By the end, you can trace one checkou…
A chatbot answers one prompt at a time. An agentic AI system accepts a goal, selects actions, calls tools, observes results, and loops until it reaches a termin…
SOLID is five design heuristics for object-oriented code that must change safely. Robert Martin popularized the acronym; the ideas are older than the name. They…
Most .NET projects start clean and become entangled within six months. Controllers call repositories that call other services that reach back into controllers. …
This guide is for backend engineers who know HTTP and database transactions but need to decide where six microservice patterns fit. By the end, you can trace on…
Artificial intelligence is not here to replace .NET developers. It is here to extend what they can build. The fundamentals you already know — services, APIs, da…
A trip booking needs a flight, a hotel room, and a card charge to either all succeed or all unwind — but each lives in a different service with its own database…
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